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What are biologic medicines and biosimilars?

快猫鈥檚 portfolio of biosimilars is making innovative biologic medicines more accessible. What鈥檚 the impact?

Products and Innovation|July 31, 2025

It all started with a dog named Marjorie.1

More than 100 years ago, two scientists, Frederick Banting and Charles Best, isolated and extracted the secretion of dogs鈥 pancreases. This produced what we now know as insulin.1,2

Following this discovery, insulin was first used successfully on several dogs with diabetes, including one that Banting had a special bond with: Marjorie. The discovery of the role of insulin turned diabetes from an often-fatal disease into a more manageable chronic condition.1,2 It also became the first-ever approved 鈥渂iologic鈥 medicine: a treatment made from living organisms such as bacteria or animal cells.

Since then, the production of biologic medicine has dramatically evolved. In the 1970s, scientists managed to create new products from DNA segments isolated from existing cells3 鈥 meaning that we no longer had to source many of the most crucial biologics from animals.

Modern biologics are genetically engineered organisms, such as bacteria and yeast cells 鈥 which are cells that result from fermentation. These have enabled big advances in medicine, helping people with difficult-to-treat diseases, including cancer.4

Because biologics can target specific molecules to help us fight cancer cells, they also aim to improve tolerability compared with other treatments such as chemotherapy.5

So, what鈥檚 the catch?

Well, because they are complex to develop and manufacture, they can be less affordable for people and healthcare systems.

Statistics from 2020 highlight this disparity. New medicine constitutes 2%-3% of the volume in developed countries, yet only a meager 0.1% are launched in emerging markets.11

Biosimilars: The next chapter in a remarkable story

Over the past few decades, biosimilars have emerged. They are medicines developed to be highly similar to an already-approved biologic.

Biosimilars may be available at a lower price than the originator biologics, and therefore have the potential to make biologics more affordable and accessible to more people around the world.

鈥淏iologics have enabled better treatment possibilities for many diseases,鈥 said Matthias Mueller, head of Innovation and Development in 快猫's medicines business. 鈥淗owever, affordability can be challenging for healthcare systems, especially in emerging markets. Biosimilars offer a solution to this by broadening timely access to these state-of-the-art treatment options.鈥

Why 鈥榮imilar鈥 and not the same?

鈥淐ommon medicines such as paracetamol are made from chemicals and can be easily replicated. In contrast, biologics come from living organisms, which are more complex and difficult to replicate,鈥 Mueller explained.

鈥淭his complexity means we cannot produce identical products in every batch. That鈥檚 why biosimilars are similar but can never be identical. Biosimilars provide the same health benefits in terms of safety and efficacy as their corresponding originator biologic.鈥

Biosimilars are evaluated by the same regulators as biologics, who assess that the risks and benefits they provide are comparable to the originator biologics.

What impact could biosimilars have?

Biosimilars have generated more than $64 billion in savings for European healthcare systems.6 In China, a study with more than 20,000 participants showed that cancer biosimilars were priced at 69%-90% of the costs of their originator biologic, making them a more affordable option.7

Evidence from other countries such as Turkey also recognize the cost-saving benefits of biosimilars and encourage healthcare professionals to use them.7

Biosimilars can improve access to care,6,10 with positive health outcomes for people around the world.9

鈥淏iologics are a real scientific success story, and it鈥檚 important that they reach as many people who need them as possible,鈥 Mueller said.

鈥淏iosimilars are proven to make these incredible medicines more affordable and accessible. They can help bridge differences in access to healthcare that people experience around the world.鈥

Ensuring that emerging countries can access and use these treatments is vital for managing a wide range of diseases.

As these innovative treatments become more widely available, accessible, and adopted in emerging countries, they can help more people live healthier and longer lives.

References

1 One dog, 90 years, millions saved. Understanding Animal Research. Published April 9, 2012. Accessed June 24, 2024.

2 Foster E. 100 years of insulin: How researchers at the University of Toronto ushered in a new era of diabetes treatment. Penn Today. Published January 26, 2022. Accessed June 24, 2024.

3 Heather, J.M. and Chain, B., 2016. The sequence of sequencers: The history of sequencing DNA.聽Genomics,听107(1), pp.1-8.

4 Nahta, R., Esteva, F. Trastuzumab: triumphs and tribulations. Oncogene 26, 3637鈥3643 (2007).

5 Schirrmacher V. From chemotherapy to biological therapy: A review of novel concepts to reduce the side effects of systemic cancer treatment (Review). Int J Oncol. 2019 Feb;54(2):407-419. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4661. Epub 2018 Dec 10. PMID: 30570109; PMCID: PMC6317661.

6 IQVIA. The Impact of Biosimilar Competition in Europe. 2025. Available from:

7 Luo X, Du X, Li Z, et al. Clinical Benefit, Price, and Uptake for Cancer Biosimilars vs Reference Drugs in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.聽JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(10):e2337348. Published 2023 Oct 2. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.37348

8聽 Iskit AB. Key concepts in biosimilar medicines:聽What physicians must know.聽North Clin Istanb. 2022;9(1):86-91. Published 2022 Feb 10. doi:10.14744/nci.2021.84669

9 A biosimilar medicines access policy blueprint. International Generic and Biosimilar Medicines Association. Published 2021. Accessed June 24, 2024. https://www.globalbiosimilarsweek.org/2021/doc/A-Biosimilar-medicines-Access-Policy-Blueprint-IGBA.pdf

10 Association for Accessible Medicines. The U.S. generic & biosimilar medicines savings report. October 2021. https://accessiblemeds.org/sites/default/files/2021-10/AAM-2021-USGeneric-Biosimilar-Medicines-Savings-Report-web.pdf. Accessed September 23, 2022.

11 Matthias Calamia and Ivo Abraham. The economics of biosimilars and challenges to biosimilar adoption in low- and middle-income countries, Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy. 2023. Doi: 10.1080/14712598.2023.2247972